This paper examines the relationship between managerial ownership index as one of the mechanisms of corporate governance and performance criteria of pharmaceutical corporate accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange during the year 2004 to 2008. First, the effect of independent variable, managerial ownership, over the response variables, Q- Tobin ratio (a measure of corporate performance) and capital structure are surveyed separately and then other control factors are added to linear regression model.Necessary data are collected from the site of research management organization, development Islamic Studies of Stock Exchange. After analyzing data by Minitab software, it was found that impact of managerial ownership factor on Q-Tobin ratio and capital structure is linear and square linear respectively.Results show that managerial ownership has weak positive effect on both response variables. Between control variables entered in the model, asset return and ownership concentration variables have positive impact on the Q- Tobin, while the control variable firm size has a negative impact on this response variable. Ownership concentration has a positive effect on the capital structure while the asset return and firm size have negative impact on this response variable.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between intellectual capital and board structure of PHARMACY FIRMS by fuzzy approach. The intellectual capital is measured by the questionnaire with standard arrangements and 96% reliability coefficient, and the board structure is recognized by companies’ financial statements.The results show that the independent variable of the size of board directors has positive effects by a 0.133 value on intellectual capital, and that the variables of the ratio of outside directors to firm's board of directors and the ownership concentration of firm's board of directors do not have significant effects on intellectual capital.

In the present era of knowledge-based economy or knowledge based, intangible assets of companies and their intellectual capital are keys to achieve advantages of competitive constant. Present study is aimed at determining the effects of intellectual capital on the financial performance of FIRMS. With this regard, following a comprehensive review of the literature related to intellectual capital and financial performance, necessary data was collected out of the statistical society PHARMACY companies which were accepted in Tehran’s stock of securities. To review performance, financial statements of companies and as to measure intellectual capital, questionnaires are used with 96% reliability coefficient. Then regression model extracted and explained the effects of triple variables of independent intellectual capital (i.e. human capital, communication and structure) on the statistical performance of companies. The results have shown independent variables of human capital and communication; respectively 0.4940 and 0.544 have had positive effects on corporate performance, while the independent variable of capital structure had no significant effect on corporate performance.

In the present era with growth of knowledge-based economy, companies intangible assets and intellectual capital are keys to achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Intellectual capital literature overview, demonstrate considerable attention to assessment, valuation and reporting it. Considering the growing importance of this category of knowledge management, in this study, first, intellectual capital of pharmaceutical companies calculated with using the Pulic model in five-year over the period 1383 to 1387 and then review the effects of three variables formed the intellectual capital including human capital, communication/customer capital and structural capital on the q-tobin ratio (Q) as a measure of corporate performance.Descriptive study methods-qualitative and as objective, is applied. For evaluating of intellectual capital and q-tobin ratio (Q), necessary data was gained out of the financial statement of the companies and Tadbirpardaz and Rah avard novin software.The results of the study show that independent variables of communication/customer capital and structural capital had positive effect on q-tobin ratio (Q) but the independent variable of human capital had negative effect on q-tobin ratio (Q) of the companies understudy.

In the past few decades, PHARMACY practice has grown beyond traditional drug dispensing. In 1960, a movement started by pharmacists in hospitals contributed to offering different aspects of consultation in drug use, which ultimately, in its development, crystallized to be called clinical PHARMACY. In the 1980s and 1990s, clinical PHARMACY matured, and it continued to grow further in the decades to come. Pharmacists have done their role in the clinical field prestigiously in the past few decades. In doing so, other aspects of practice have come up which are very important in Rational use of drugs, drug safety and saving financial resources. These aspects are social, behavioral, and policy aspects. There is a growing awareness in the profession that social, cultural, economic, and political factors impact medication use and health outcomes. This shift in perspective has led to the development of social PHARMACY, a multidisciplinary field that incorporates related social sciences into pharmaceutical education, research, and practice. Clinical PHARMACY was established as a field of direct patient care within society and the healthcare system. The sister discipline, social PHARMACY, addresses how drugs are utilized and understood by patients in society. Over my 40 years’ experience as a pharmacist, I have noticed increasing interest in patients and society about how medicines are prescribed, dispensed, and consumed. This editorial intends to (1) provide a clear definition of social PHARMACY, (2) discuss its importance in addressing health challenges, and (3) emphasize its vital contribution to future PHARMACY practice.

This article has no abstract.

Pharmaceuticals were originated from herbal, animal and mineral sources in ancient medicine. Making syrups, Tablets and other drugs is a part of Islamic medicine. Some of the Muslim physicians were pharmacists as well. Muhammad ibn Zakariya Râzī was a great physician that a significant part of his works is devoted to PHARMACY. This article is a study on the influence and role of Razi and his ideas about drugs. The results of this research shows that Râzī’s profession on Chemistry and properties of minerals, enabled him to produce new drugs. He presented numerous instructions for caking of compound drugs that was unprecedented among Muslims. Razi’s method was easy; he used food instead of drugs. He knew the drugs nature and harms. He was, firstly, used alcohol for disinfection, mercury as a laxative and also using some pharmaceutical compounds for abirritating. He also cited drugs for Veterinary.

INTRODUCTION: Recent advances in PHARMACY practice have created serious ethical challenges for the pharmacists. Pursuing a new philosophy of practice is required to overcome these challenges and optimize the standard of care. In this regard, the current ethics guideline in the PHARMACY curriculum used in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, does not provide a fully comprehensive understanding of the issue. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to revise the current curriculum based on a needs assessment study. METHODS: In this study, a two-part questionnaire was presented to pharmacists to obtain their views on the importance of topics in their daily routine practice. Part one of the questionnaire consisted of demographic data and part two of 23 topics in PHARMACY ethics. RESULTS: Out of a total of 200 questionnaires, 158 questionnaires were returned. We reached consensus on 24 topics, of which 8 topics gained a score of higher than 4 (the highest score was considered to be 5) and the rest obtained a score of 3 and higher. The highest score pertained to the pharmacists’ relationship with patients, awareness of the rules and regulations, and medication error. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, a revised curriculum was designed for ethics in PHARMACY. It seems that the designed curriculum is context-based and will develop appropriate educational material regarding pharmacists’ requirements in daily practice. Consideration of interactive methods for teaching the curriculum is highly recommended.

The world is ageing. Data from World Population Prospects: the 2019 Revision, states that by 2050, one in six people in the world will be over age 65 (16%), up from one in 11 in 2019 (9%) (1). Iran is ageing rapidly, too. The data from the Statistical Center of Iran states that currently 10% of the Iranian population is 65 years old or above, but this percentage soon reaches to around 20% by the year 2050 (2). There has been efforts in highlighting this concern like writing “, Sanad Melli Salmandan Keshvar”,or the National Document on the Elderly, in 1399, by The Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Planning and Budget Organization, and State Welfare Organization of Iran (3). Also, for the first time in 1392, medical residents were recruited but this program was discontinued after several years. Elderly population needs special attention both from the physicians and pharmacists. The clinical pharmacist can play a special role by educating these two groups of healthcare professionals. This segment of population have different pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and have sensitive receptors. This leads into reducing dosage of drugs especially in the initiation phase. In addition, they tend to be more forgetful, and have reduced visual and auditory senses, making the medication consultation essential. Drug safety is very important, here. Need for reduced dosages and high chances of drug-drug interactions and side effects are enough reasons for a clinical pharmacist to monitor pharmacotherapy while educating patients, physicians and pharmacists. Mark H Beers from UCLA developed the first list of “, potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults”,in 1991. Since then, several revisions have occurred, the latest, in 2022, where the American Geriatrics Society updated the list by using an expert panel (4). Other countries such as Germany, France, Canada, England, and Sweden followed suit (5-9). In Iran, we do not have such a list. Maybe, a clinical pharmacist should make an effort to create this list by using physicians and clinical pharmacists as the panel of experts. Also, clinical pharmacists should be trained in geriatrics especially when we lack enough medical specialists to monitor the pharmacotherapy of Iranian elderlies.